International

What sovereign debt restructuring is and why it takes so long

May 11, 2026

The long road of sovereign debt restructuring: what it entails

Kyle C. Garrison

Sovereign debt restructuring is the negotiated or judicially mediated modification of the terms of a country’s external or domestic public debt when the original terms become unsustainable. Restructuring typically changes…

International

What central banks can do when shocks come from outside

May 11, 2026

How central banks respond to external economic shocks

Kyle C. Garrison

External shocks—from commodity price surges, wars, and pandemics to foreign monetary tightening and abrupt capital flow reversals—create swift and varied challenges for central banks. The suitable reaction hinges on the…

International

May 3, 2026

Key Factors in Rising Global Inequality

Kyle C. Garrison

Global inequality—both across nations and within their borders—has evolved through a tangled interplay of economic, technological, political and environmental forces over the past forty years, with some dynamics narrowing gaps…

International

How global interest rates affect local living costs

April 22, 2026

Your Local Living Costs: A Global Interest Rate Perspective

Kyle C. Garrison

Global interest rates determined by major central banks and mirrored in international bond yields influence the worldwide cost of borrowing. Their effects ripple into everyday expenses such as mortgages, rents,…

International

Why global supply chains still feel fragile

April 14, 2026

Fragile Global Supply Chains: A Continuing Concern

Kyle C. Garrison

Global supply chains are larger and more connected than ever, yet they regularly feel brittle. Disruptions that once would have been localized now ripple across continents. That fragility is not…

International

April 14, 2026

Why High Debt Curbs Global Crisis Intervention

Kyle C. Garrison

Debt stands as a potent fiscal limitation, and when nations, institutions, or households shoulder substantial debt loads, their capacity to deploy resources swiftly and effectively in the face of pandemics,…

International

How to tell real sustainability from green marketing

April 10, 2026

Green Marketing Exposed: Identifying Authentic Sustainable Efforts

Kyle C. Garrison

Sustainability has moved from niche to mainstream. That shift has spawned both genuine corporate transformation and clever marketing that paints ordinary business as environmentally responsible. Distinguishing authentic sustainability from “green…

International

Why protectionism returns during uncertain times

April 7, 2026

Economic Uncertainty: The Driving Force Behind Protectionist Trends

Kyle C. Garrison

Uncertainty—arising from financial upheavals, pandemics, geopolitical strains, or sudden technological disruption—places pressures that often push governments and electorates toward protectionist responses. Such protectionist stances grow out of fear, political motivations,…

International

What loss and damage means in climate negotiations

March 27, 2026

Climate Change: What Loss and Damage Entails

Kyle C. Garrison

Loss and damage in international climate talks refers to the harms caused by climate change that go beyond what people, communities, and countries can adapt to. It covers both sudden…

International

Why recycling alone won’t solve plastic pollution

March 25, 2026

Tackling Plastic Pollution: The Flaws of Recycling

Kyle C. Garrison

Plastic recycling is often depicted as a catch‑all solution to plastic pollution, but the reality is considerably more complex. Although recycling provides significant benefits, it cannot by itself eradicate plastic…

International